496 


DODGE'S 
GEOGRAPHY 

OF 

OHIO 


BOWNOCKER 


Rand  MsNally  &  Co. 


THE  LIBRARY 
OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 

OF  CALIFORNIA 

LOS  ANGELES 


**~-  '»»«♦  ****•  stamped  below 


7>vc  fc^^cU- 


THE   GEOGRAPHY- OF.  OH=0 


THE    GEOGRAPHY    OF   OHIO 


By  J.  A.   Bownocker,  Professor  of  Inorganic  Geology,  the  Ohio  State   University. 

Copyright,  linKI.  bj  Rmnd.  McXallj  t  Co. 


/.     OHIO  AS  A  WHOLE 

Location.  The  state  of  Ohio,  one  of  the 
most  progressive  commonwealths  lying 
within  the  great  Valley  of  the  Mississippi, 
owes  its  remarkable  agricultural  and  indus- 
trial development  largely  to  the  splendid 
commercial    advantages    of    its    situation. 

When  white  men  first  journeyed  west- 
ward to  the  country  beyond  New  York  and 
Pennsylvania  they  found  two  great  natural 
highways — Lake  Erie  and  the  Ohio  River. 
Later,  Congress  constructed  a  "  National 
Road"  from  Maryland  to  Illinois,  which 
crossed  Ohio  near  the  middle  of  the  state 
and  was  an  important  highway  in  stage- 
coach days.  Then  came  railroads,  and  the 
pathways  chosen  for  many  of  these  land 
transportation  routes  especially  favored 
Ohio.  Directly  across  our  state  have  been 
built  lines  that  connect  it  on  the  one  hand 


with  New  York,  Boston,  Philadelphia,  and 
Baltimore,  and  on  the  other  with  all  the 
great  cities  of  the  Mississippi  Valley  and  the 
Far  West.  The  growth  of  these  roads  has 
given  constant  impetus  to  the  advancement 
of  the  state.      (Adv.  Geog.  Fig.  195.) 

Size.  From  east  to  west  the  Buckeye 
State  extends  215  miles  and  from  north  to 
south  210  miles.  Its  most  northerly  point 
is  near  the  parallel  of  42  degrees  and  its 
extreme  southern  limit  is  in  a  bend  of  the 
Ohio  River  in  about  38  degrees  and  27 
minutes  north  latitude.  The  southern  and 
southeastern  boundaries,  with  a  combined 
length  of  436  miles,  lie  in  the  navigable 
Ohio,  the  northern  boundary  for  230  miles 
is  on  Lake  Erie,  and  the  remaining  bound- 
aries are  straight  lines.      (Fig.  2.) 

The  area  of  the  state  is  41,060  square 
miles,  of  which  300  square  miles  are  water 
surface.     This  area  gives  it  the  thirty-fourth 


Fig.  i.     View  of  the  prcglacial  valley  of  the  Muskingum  River  near  Newark,  now  occupied  by  the  Licking  River 


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THK    OKOGRAPHY    OF   OHIO 


The  Ohio  Valley  everywhere  is  conspicu- 
ous. In  many  places  the  hills  rise  abruptly 
to  elevations  of  from  200  to  500  feet  above 
the  valley. 

A  few  small  glacial  lakes  are  found  in  the 
northeastern  portion  of  the  state. 

Drainage.  The  entire  state  of  Ohio  is 
drained  by  two  great  river  systems. 

In  the  northern  part  the  streams  flow  into 
Lake  Erie,  the  waters  reaching  the  Atlantic 
by  the  St.  Lawrence  system.  The  waters  of 
the  southern  and  larger  part  are  drained  into 
the  Ohio  and  carried  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico 
by  the  Missis- 
sippi system. 

The  principal 
streams  flow- 
ing into  Lake 
Erie  are  the 
Maumee,  Por- 
tage, Sandus- 
ky, Cuyahoga 
(Fig.  6),  and 
Grand;  into 
the  Ohio  River, 
the  Muskin- 
gum, Scioto, 
Miami,  and  the 
Little  Miami. 
The  divide 
between    these 

north       and  FlG- 3-     Clifton  Glen.     The  gorge 

south  flowing  streams  is  very  irregular.  On 
the  west  side  of  the  state  it  is  about  half 
way  between  the  Ohio  River  and  Michigan; 
near  the  middle  of  the  state  it  is  in  Marion 
and  Crawford  counties;  in  the  northeastern 
part  it  crosses  Summit,  Portage,  and  Trum- 
bull counties.     (Fig.  7.) 

When  white  men  first  settled  in  the 
state,  swamps  and  marshes,  because  of  im- 
perfect surface  drainage,  were  very  num- 
erous, especially  in  the  northwestern  part. 
This  condition  has  -been  remedied  by  ditch- 
ing, and  the  lands/  in  these  drained  regions 


are  now  highly  prized  by  farmers.     The  hilly 
parts  have  excellent  surface  drainage. 

Geological  Growth.     Everywhere  beneath 
the  soil  and  surface  material  is  bed  rock. 
This  consists  of  limestone,  shale,  sandstone, 
and  conglomerate,  that  is,  rock  made  up  of 
fragments  of  shells  or  sediments  cemented 
together.     These  bed  rocks  were  all  formed 
under    water;    hence    the    conclusion    that 
the  state  was  once  a  part  of  the  ocean  floor. 
The  bed  rock  was  not  lifted  above  the  waters 
suddenly  or  all  at  the  same  time.     In  fact, 
changes  were   slow,  millions  of  years  elaps- 
ing from    the 
time    the    first 
land  was   ele- 
vated until  the 
surface   of  the 
state  was  com- 
pleted.     The 
first  land  thus 
formed,  that 
of  the    south- 
western part, 
is   known   as 
Lower  Silur- 
ian.    (Fig.    8.) 
Hence,  in  a  geo- 
logical   sense, 
this  region  is 
the  oldest  part 

of  the  Little  Miami,  Greene  County.  q£  Ohio      Later 

the  area  known  as  Upper  Silurian  was  lifted 
above  the  waters,  then  the  area  termed 
Devonian,  and  lastly  the  Carboniferous 
area.     (Fig.  8.) 

Much  later  a  large  part  of  Ohio,  in  com- 
mon with  the  northern  half  of  North  America, 
was  covered  with  a  great  bed  of  glacial  ice. 
Adv.  Geog.  Fig.  180.)  This  had  an  impor- 
tant influence  on  the  soil,  surface,  and  drain- 
age.    (Fig.  9.) 

To  the  soil  which  it  found  in  Ohio  the 
ice  added  boulders  (Fig.  11),  sand,  clay, 
and    soil    brought    from    the    north.     Gen- 


THE    GEOGRAPHY   OF   OHIO 


erally,  the  ice  ground 

up  the  surface  of  the 

bed  rock    and   mixed 

this    rock    flour    with 

the    other    materials. 

When   the    ice  was 

melted  it  left  all  these 

materials,     known    as 

drift,  distributed  over 

the  bed  rock.    In  some 

places  the  drift  is  less 

than  a  foot  deep;  at 

other  places  it  exceeds 

500    feet    in     depth. 

Sometimes,  as  in  parts 

of  northwestern  Ohio, 

the  drift  is  quite  free 

from  boulders,  and 

rarely  are  the  boulders 

so  numerous  that  the 

land  is  unfit  for  tillage 

and  useless,  except  for 

grazing.     Small  areas  of  the  boulder-strewn 

land  may  be  found  in  Preble,  Montgomery, 

and  other  counties. 

The  name  till,  or  boulder  clay,  is  given  to 
that  variety  of  drift  consisting  of  clay  that 


|    I  below  660  feet  WiM    600  to  800  feet 

^*  300  to  1000 feet  ^*  1000  to  1200 ft.  and  above 

Fig.  4.     A  physical  map  of  Ohio. 


sand  in  making  mor- 
tar, and  the  gravel  in 
building  roads. 

The  glacier,  as  it 
slowly  moved  across 
the  country,  modified 
the  surface  of  the  state 
in  many  ways.  In 
some  places  it  scraped 
materials  from  hills 
and  dropped  them  in 
adjacent  valleys, 
thereby  wearing  down 
the  irregularities  of 
its  surface. 

In  some  localities, 
as  round  about  Colum- 
bus, the  drift  was  so 
deposited  that  exten- 
sive glacial  plains  were 
formed .  In  other 
places  the  material 
less   evenly   and    here 


Fig. 5.     .4  view  in  the  valley  of  the  Little  Miami 

contains  scattered  pebbles  or  boulders.  Fre- 
quently the  drift  consists  of  sands  or  gravels 
in  layers.  Often  the  sands,  gravel,  and 
till  may  be  seen  along  a  stream's  banks  or 
in  an  excavation.  (Fig.  10.)  The  till  is 
used  largely   in   making  brick  and  tile,  the 


was  scattered   about 

the  surface  is  more  rolling. 

Still  more  striking  was  the  effect  of  the 
glacier  on  drainage.  Streams  flowing  in  a 
northerly  direction  were  blocked  tempo- 
rarily or  permanently.  In  such  cases  the 
glacier  dammed  the  streams,  forming  long 
and  narrow  but  rather  deep  lakes  in  which 


Fig 


6.     The  Cuyahoga  River  at  Cuyahoga  Falls 
water  power  is  used  to  operate  factories. 


6 

THE   GEOGR. 

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tnm  IS.  wiclMl  =»t.  In  I  »i  b.  K.sdhim  l\  J.--M  row  ( IMW)  ia  tbr  liroloftcal  Museum  of  the  Ohio 

Fig.  7.     .1  relief  map  of  Ohio. 

the  waters  rose  higher  and  higher  until 
new  outlets  were  formed.  Occasionally  the 
glacier  completely  filled  valleys  with  drift, 
destroying  all  surface  evidence  of  the  old 
stream.  A  fine  example  of  such  a  buried 
valley  is  found  in  Mercer,  Auglaize,  and 
Shelby  counties.  The  old  outlines  of  the 
valley  have  been  worked  out  by  studying 
the  depths  of  drift  above  the  solid  rock  as 
indicated  in  well  borings  for  oil  and  gas. 
More-  commonly  the  glacier  radically  modi- 
fied but  did  not  destroy  existing  streams. 
Thus  the-  Ohio  was  formed  from  a  number 
of  northerly  flowing  streams  blocked  by  the 
glacier.  The  waters,  compelled  to  find  a 
new  outlet,  united  and  formed  the  present 
river.  Other  streams  that  underwent  impor- 
tant modifications  at  that  time  were  the 
Muskingum,  Scioto,  Hocking,  and  Miami. 

The  glacier  had  an  important  effect  on 
Lake  Erie,  as  it  did  upon  the  other  Great 
Lakes.  As  the  ice  sheet  receded  slowly 
northward,  the  lake  basin  was  uncovered. 
Finally  the  glacier  extended  across  onlv  the 


11V    OF   OHIO 

northeast  corner  of  the  lake,  leaving  its  basin 
almost  free  from  ice,  but  at  the  same  time 
cutting  off  its  outlet.  Under  these  condi- 
tions the  water  in  the  lake  rose  higher  and 
higher,  and  flooded  hundreds  of  square  miles 
in  the  northwestern  corner  of  the  state.  The 
water  found  an  outlet  into  the  Wabash 
River,  near  the  present  site  of  Fort  Wayne, 
Ind..  and  eventually  reached  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico.  A  ridge  of  sand,  known  as  a  beach, 
was  formed  along  the  shores  of  this  extended 
lake.  This  ridge,  used  by  early  settlers  as  a 
highway,  is  still  known  as  the  "  Ridge  Road." 
Van  Wert,  Findlay,  Fostoria,  Tiffin,  and  Nor- 
walk  are  located  on  or  near  this  old  beach. 

The  glacier  changed  the  character  of  the 
soil  by  adding  material  brought  from  the 
north  and  by  grinding  up  the  bed  rock.  On 
the  whole,  the  effect  was  good,  these  glacial 
soils  usually  being  of  such  fertility  as  to  rank 
among  the  finest  soils  in  the  United  States. 

Climate.  The  climate  of  Ohio  is  similar 
to  that  of  the  ad'acent  states  n  the  Missis- 
sippi   Basin.     The  summers   are   sufficiently 


Carboniferous 
Devonian 
Upper  silurian 
Lower  silurian       j 


Fig.  8.     The  distribution  of  Ohio  bed  rocks  according  to  age. 


THE   GEOGRAPHY   OF   OHIO 


warm  to  meet  the  de- 
mands of  agriculture, 
but  the  heat  rarely  is 
oppressive.  It  is 
quite  unusual  for  the 
winters  to  be  severe 
enough  to  cause  seri- 
ous damage  to  vege- 
tation or  live  stock. 

The  temperature 
varies  considerably 
in  different  parts  of 
the  state,  the  most 
important  causes  of 
variation  being  Lake 
Erie  and  the  differ- 
ences of  surface. 
The  effect  of  the  lake 
is  to  make  the  sum- 
mers cooler  and  the 
winters  warmer  in 
the  counties  along  its  border.  Thus  the 
extremes  of  temperature  along  the  lake 
shore  are  ioo°  above  zero  in  summer  and  170 
below  in  winter,  while  in  the  central  portion 


Fig. 


Fig.  10.     A  deep  accumulation  of  till  found  along  the 

shore  of  a  stream  in  Butler  County.     Notice  the 

pebbles  here  embedded  with  the  till. 

of  the  state  the  extremes  are  1040  above  zero 
in  summer  and  330  below  in  winter.  Farther 
south  the  extremes  are  still  greater. 

Many  deep,  narrow  valleys  are   found   in 
the  southern    part   of   the  state.      Tn   winter 


the  cold,  heavy  air 
settles  in  these  val- 
leys and  produces  low 
temperatures.  In 
summer  the  beds  and 
sides  of  the  valleys 
become  warm,  and, 
the  hills  preventing  a 
free  circulation  of  the 
air,  the  temperature 
often  is  high. 

Average  tempera- 
tures for  different 
parts  of  Ohio  are 
shown  on  the  accom- 
panying map.  Fig. 
13.)  Note  the  loop 
northward  of  the  iso- 
therm of  510.  This 
results  from  the  high 
land  in  that  locality. 
Observe  also  the  isotherms  of  490  and  500. 
Their  course  results  partly  from  the  influence 
of  the  lake  and  partly  from  the  differences 
of  surface.  The  average  annual  tempera- 
tare  of  the  state  is  50. 90. 

The  average  rainfall  for  the  state  is  38.4 
inches,  but.  as  mav  be  seen  in  the  map,  this 


Areas  in  Ohio  covered  by  ice  during 
the  Great  Ice  Age. 


Fig.   11.     A  surface  boulder  near  Lodi,  Medina  County. 
This  great  rock  was   transported  by  the  glacier 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  OHIO 


1 

1 

Averagi 

II 

t& 

77  inches 

■ 

4° 

20 

10 

§II§IIIIHH 


Fig.  i2.     The  annual  rainfall  at  Toledo  from  l88g 
to  1904. 

is  not  uniformly  distributed.  (Fig.  15.)  It 
is  greatest  in  the  southern  part  and  least  in 
the  northern.  The  greatest  annual  rainfall 
reported,  57.5  inches,  is  at  Portsmouth;  and 
the  least,  21.3  inches,  at  Toledo.  (Figs.  12 
and  14.)  June  and  July  are  the  rainiest 
months  of  the  year  and  October  the  driest. 
The  rains  come  mostly  from  the  southwest, 
that   being   the  direction   of   the   prevailing 


Fig.  13.      The  mean  annual  temperature  of  Ohio 


winds.  This  follows  from  the  state  lying  in 
the  system  of  westerlies.  (Adv.  Geog.  Fig.  81.) 
Severe  storms  are  uncommon.  Heavy 
rains  and  melting  snows,  however,  sometimes 
cause  floods  that  damage  property  lying 
in  the  lower  portions  of  the  large  valleys. 


Native  Peoples.  Of  the  earliest  inhabi- 
tants of  Ohio  nothing  definite  is  known. 
Many  interesting  earthworks  abound  and  are 


2   ? 


8.    8- 


Fig.  14.     The  annual  rainfall  at  Portsmouth  from  1889 
to  1904. 

credited  to  the  Mound  Builders,  but  who 
these  people  were,  and  from  whence  they 
came,   is  unknown.    (Fig.  67.) 

When  white  men  first  appeared  here,  the 
land  was  occupied  by  various  tribes  of  Indians 
of  the  Algonquian  family.  The  Eries  roamed, 
over  the  territory  along  the  south  shore 
of  the  lake,  the  Miamis  occupied  the  west- 
ern part  of  the  state,  and  the  Shawnees 
the  central  part.  The  Shawnees  were  a 
particularly  warlike   tribe  and  caused  great 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  OHIO 


Fig.    i 6.     William   Henry    Harrison, 

the  ninth  President  of  the  United 

States  and  the  first  from  Ohio 


trouble  to 
early  settlers. 
Tecum  s  e  h 
was  the  best 
known  chief 
of  this  tribe. 
For  years 
the  Indians 
and  white 
people  were 
in  deadly 
contest,  and 
the  power  of 
the  former 
was  broken 
slowly.  How- 
ever    peace 


was  gained  in  1812,  and  by  1825  the  Indians 
had  practically  disappeared  from  the  state. 

Early  History.  The  English  and  French 
nations  each  made  strong  claims  for  the 
territory  now  forming  Ohio.  In  1701  the 
French  established  a  military  post  at  Detroit, 
thereby   gaining  a  predominating   influence 


in  the  west  and  south, 
Celoron  to  take  pos- 
session for  France  of 
the  Ohio  Valley.  To 
offset  that,  in  the  same 
year,  the  English  in 
Virginia  organized  the 
Ohio  Company  and  a 
year  later  sent  Chris- 
topher Gist  to  explore 
the  territory.  Trouble 
between  the  pioneers 
of  the  two  nations 
followed,  but,  in  1763, 
France  and  England 
made  a  treaty  by 
which  the  region  east 
of  the  "Great  Father 
of  Waters"  became 
English  territory. 
With   the   close  of 


In  1749  they  sent 


the  Revolu- 
tionary War 
the  area  now 
under  our 
consideration 
passed  to  the 
control  of  the 
UnitedStates. 
(Fig.  17.) 

In  1787  the 
N.o  r  t  h  w  e  s  t 
Territory  was 
organized. 
This  included 
all  the  area 
now  known 
as  the  states 


Fig     18.      Edward   Tiffin,   tin 
Governor  of  Ohio. 


first 


Fig.  17      The  earliest  explorations  and  settlements  in  Ohi 


of  Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois,  Michigan,  and  Wis- 
consin. The  laws  for  this  vast  region  for- 
ever excluded  slavery,  insured  religious  free- 
dom, and  encouraged  the  common  schools. 
The  first  settlement  in  our  state  was  made 
at  Marietta,  in  1788,  under  the  auspices  o 
the  Ohio  Company,  a  Massachusetts  organ- 
ization. Settlements  were  made  the  same 
year  at  Cincinnati  and 
in  1796  at  Cleveland. 
From  that  time  the 
population  grew  rapid- 
ly, and  in  1803  Ohio 
became  a  state,  having 
a  population  of  about 
60,000.  The  first  gen- 
eral assembly  which 
met  at  Chillicothe  in 
March  elected  Edward 
Tiffin  Governor  of  the 
state.      (Fig.  18.) 

Settlement.  The 
early  settlers  came 
largely  from  X  e  w 
England,  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  Virginia. 
Those  from  New  Eng- 
land    settled     chiefly 


io 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  OHIO 


in  the  northeastern 
part,  in  the  "  Western 
Reserve. ' '  Those  from 
Pennsylvania,  largely 
of  German  descent, 
settled  in  various 
places  and  gave  their 
attention  almost 
entirely  to  agriculture. 
The  Virginians  located 
chiefly  in  the  southern 
part  along  the  Ohio 
and  tributary  rivers. 
Later,  many  immi- 
grants came  to  Ohio 
direct  from  Europe, 
settling  for  the  most 
part  in  the  cities  and 
the  mining  districts  of 
the  state.    (Fig.  17.) 

In  1900  about  one- 
ninth  of  the  total  population  of  Ohio,  or 
more  than  450,000  of  all  the  people  within 
the  state,  were  of  foreign  birth,  and  of  these 
nearly  one-half  were  Germans. 

Agriculture.   While  Ohio  has  many  sources 


Fig.  19. 


The  value  of  farm 
census  of 


of  wealth,  the  most  en- 
during one  is  her  fertile 
soil.  (Fig.  19.)  That 
of  the  western  half  of 
the  state  is  very  fer- 
tile; of  the  north- 
eastern portion  less  so ; 
while  the  surface  of 
the  southeastern  part 
is  so  rugged  that  the 
land  is  sometimes  poor 
and  little  suited  to 
agriculture.  The 
character  of  the  soil 
depends  largely  upon 
the  drift  and  the 
nature  of  the  bed  rock 
from  which  the  soil 
was  derived. 

A  soil  suitable  for 
one  purpose  may  not 
be  so  for  another.  Farmers  recognizing  this 
endeavor  to  follow  those  lines  of  agricul- 
ture that  give  the  best  results.  For  the 
promotion  of  the  agricultural  interests  the 
state  maintains  an  experiment  station  near 


products  per  square  mile, 
1900. 


Fig.  20.     View  on  the  farm  of  the  State  Agricultural  Experiment  Station  near  Wooster. 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  OHIO 


1 1 


Wooster.  (Fig.  20.) 
The  Agricultural  Col- 
lege of  the  State  Uni- 
versity also  helps  in 
the  work. 

The  value  of  the 
farm  lands  and  build- 
ings of  Ohio  exceeds 
$1,000,000,000,  giving 
the  state  a  rank  in  this 
respect  excelled  by- 
only  two  others. 

Corn  is  grown  in  all 
parts  of  the  state,  but 
the  western  and  cen- 
tral areas  give  the  best 
results.  There  the  soil 
is  especially  suited  to 
the  growing  of  corn, 
and  the  flat  or  rolling 


Fig. 


The  yield  of  corn  per  square  mile,  igoo 

character  of  the  surface  makes  tillage  of  the 
crops  comparatively  easy.  (Figs.  21  and  23.) 
Wheat  is  grown  in  every  county  The 
hills  of  the  eastern  part  often  are  well  suited 
to    the    production   of    this    grain,    but    the 


greatest  yields  are  ob- 
tained in  the  central 
areas  with  their  richer 
soils  and  smoother 
surface.  (Fig.  22.) 

The  production  of 
oats  likewise  is  profit- 
able, the  areas  devoted 
to  this  crop  lying 
chiefly  in  the  northern 
half  of  the  state,  which 
is  well  adapted  to  it. 

While  potatoes  grow 
everywhere,  the  rich 
swamp  soils   near  the 
source    of    the    Scioto 
River  are  much  better 
adapted  to  this  vege- 
table than  are  those  of 
any  other  part  of  our 
state.     More  than  16,000,000  bushels  of  pota- 
toes were  harvested  in  1 904,  the  value  of  the 
crop  exceeding  $7,000,000. 

Ohio  is  a  heavy  producer  of  canned  goods, 
especially  sweet  corn.  The  Scioto  Valley 
is  unusually  well  adapted  to  the  growing  of 
sweet  corn,  and  here,  at  Chillicothe,  Ashville, 


Fig. 


13.     Harvest  time  in  Champaign  County.     A  field 
of  corn  and  pumpkins  near  Mechanic sburg. 


Fig.  22.      The  yield  of  wheat  per  square  mile,  igoc 


and   Circlevillc,  arc  located    large  establish- 
ments engaged  in  the  canning  industry. 

Maple  syrup  and  sugar  arc  made  in  many 
counties,  but  the  sugar  maple  tree  flourishes 


12 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  OHIO 


Fig.  24.     The  value  of  fruit  products  per  square  mile ,  1900. 

best  in  the  soil  of  Medina,  Ashtabula,  Geauga, 
and  Logan,  and  these  counties  lead  in  pro- 
duction. In  1900  the  state  produced  more 
than  600,000  pounds  of  maple  sugar  and 
more  than  900,000  gallons  of  syrup,  Ohio 
ranking  first  among  the  states  in  the  last 
mentioned  product. 

While  hay  is  made  in  every  part  of  Ohio, 
the  northern  half,  because  its  soil  is  highly 
favorable  for  growing  grass,  produces  the 
greatest  quantity.     (Fig   26.) 

Our  state  ranks  first  among  the  states 
north  of  "Mason  and  Dixon's  Line"  and 
fourth  in  the  United  States  in  the  value  of 
the  tobacco  grown.  Formerly  the  south- 
eastern part  led  in  this  industry',  but  south- 
western Ohio  now  holds  first  place,  Mont- 
gomery, Brown,  Darke,  and  Preble  being 
the  most  important  producing  counties. 
These  counties  have  a  fertile  soil  and  a  sur- 
face that  renders  tilling  easy.     (Fig.  25.) 

Horticulture.  Fruit  growing  is  an  impor- 
tant industry  in  Ohio,  the  yearly  value  of 
the  product  being  about  $9,000,000.  The 
islands    in    Lake    Erie    and    the    shores    of 


that  lake  are  well  adapted  to  the  growing 
of  grapes  and  peaches.  Here  the  soil  is 
suitable,  and  the  lake  modifies  the  extreme 
cold  of  winter  and  prevents  late  spring 
frosts  which  are  injurious  to  the  vines  and 
trees  or  destructive  to  their  bloom.  Belmont 
County  long  has  been  an  important  grower 
of  strawberries  and  raspberries.  Here  the  hill 
soils  are  rich,  well  drained,  and  not  liable 
to  late  spring  frosts.  The  county  has  good 
shipping  facilities  and  an  excellent  situation 
with  reference  to  markets. 

The  farmers  in  southern  Ohio  are  giving 
more  and  more  attention  to  fruits,  especially 
apples.  Land  is  cheap,  the  soil  favorable,  and 
the  hills  are  not  subject  to  late  spring  frosts. 
Apples,  however,  can  be  grown  successfully 
in  nearly  all  parts  of  the  state.  In  1899  the 
crop  exceeded  20,000,000  bushels.  (Fig.  24.) 
*  Live  Stock  and  Dairying.  In  1900  the 
value  of  the  live  stock  in  the  state  exceeded 
$125,000,000.  Cattle  and  hogs  are  raised  and 
fattened  in  large  numbers  in  all  parts  of  the 
state,  but  more  especially  in  the  sections 
where  large  corn  crops  are  grown.     (Fig.  27.) 


Fig. 


The  yield  of  tobacco  per  square  mile,  igoo. 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  OHIO 


13 


Fig.  26.      Yield  of  hay  and  forage  per  square  mile,  igoo. 


Dairy  farming  is  an  important  industry  in 
the  northeastern  corner  of  the  state  where  the 
land  is  best  suited  for  grazing,  and  around  the 
larger  cities,  where  a  ready  market  may  be 
found  for  the  products.  The  annual  value 
of  the  dairy  products  exceeds  $25,000,000. 
In  1 90 1  Geauga  County  produced  more  than 
5,000,000  pounds  of  cheese,  Trumbull  more 
than  4,800,000  pounds,  Ashtabula  more  than 
1,500,000,  and  Lorain  1,100,000  pounds.  In 
the  same  year  Fulton  County  produced  nearly 
1,900,000  pounds.     (Figs.  42  and  43.) 

Ohio  has  long  been  an  important  pro- 
ducer of  sheep  and  wool.  At  present  the 
state  ranks  second  in  the  value  of  its  wool 
product.  The  leading  sheep-raising  counties 
are  Harrison,  Licking,  Knox,  and  Coshocton. 
The  southeastern  corner  of  the  state  is  well 
suited  to  this  industry.  Here  the  hills, 
often  infertile  and  always  hard  to  till,  afford 
excellent  grazing  for  sheep.      (Fig.  29.) 

Poultry  Raising.  One  of  the  chief  agri- 
cultural industries  of  Ohio  is  poultry  raising. 
In  this  the  state  held  fourth  rank  in  1900, 
with  more  than  14,000,000  chickens.     Many 


farmers  make  a  specialty  of  raising  turkeys, 
and  Ohio  stands  among  the  five  states  that 
showed  the  largest  number.  (Fig.  28.)  With 
more  than  91,000,000  dozen,  Ohio  ranked 
first  among  the  states  in  the  value  of  eggs 
produced.  This  product  alone  is  worth  more 
than  ten  million  dollars  yearly.  Grain  being 
plentiful,  poultry  is  profitable,  and  nearly 
all  farmers,  especially  those  living  near  large 
towns,  engage  in  this  industry. 

OHIO   IN  AGRICULTURE 


PRODUCT 


Cereals 

Hay  and  Forage 
Dairy  Products  . 

Vegetables 

Eggs 

Fruits 

Poultry 

Tobacco 

Wool 


Value  for  i8gg 


591,748,320 

29,047,532 

25,383,627 

12,354,407 

10,280,769 

8,901,220 

8,847,009 

4,864,191 

4,299,025 


Rank 

of  State 


Fisheries.  The  Lake  Erie  fisheries  are 
among  the  most  important  in  the  world. 
In  1899  they  gave  employment  to  more 
than  3,700  persons.  The  total  yield  exceeded 
58,000,000  pounds  of  fish,  more  than  one-half 
of  which  is  credited  to  Ohio.  Sandusky  is 
a  leading  center  of  the  industry,  but  Cleve- 
land and  Toledo  also  are  important.     From 


Fig.  27.     The  distribution  of  hogs  per  square  mile,  tqoo. 


M 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  OHIO 


hose  places 
fish  are  shipped 
long  distances 
and  form  an 
important 
article  of  food 
for  thousands 
of  people. 

Mining.  Ohio 
is  rich  in  min- 
eral   resources, 
and    mining 
forms    one    of 
the    principal 
industries  of 
the  state.     (Fig 
mined,  which    exceeds 
mineral    product, 
among  the  states. 

While  coal  is  found  in  nearly  every  county 
in  the  eastern  and  southeastern  parts  of  Ohio, 
large  deposits  are  not  numerous.  The  rich- 
est fields  are  the  Hocking  Valley  (Fig.  71), 
including  parts  of  Athens,  Perry,  and  Hock- 
ing counties ;  the  Wellston  in  Jackson  County ; 
the  Cambridge  in  Guernsey  and  Noble  coun- 
ties, and  the  Bellaire  in  which  lie  Belmont, 


Fig.  28.     Scene  on  a  turkey  farm 

$$■)     The  value  of  the  coal 

that    of    any    other 

gives    Ohio    fourth    rank 


Jefferson,  and 
Harrison  coun- 
ties. (Fig.  30.) 
Coal  was 
formed  from 
vegetation 
which  grew  in 
the  coastal 
marshes.  The 
vegetation 
accumulated 
on  the  floor  of 
these  marshes, 
and  these  plant- 

among  the  hills  near  Pomeroy.  covered    areas 

later  were  covered  with  sediments,  which  in 
time  were  changed  to  more  compact  rock. 

The  petroleum  industry  of  Ohio  began  in 
i860,  when  the  first  well  was  drilled  near 
Macksburg,  Washington  County.  In  1885  oil 
was  discovered  in  northwestern  Ohio,  and  in 
a  few  years  the  product  of  this  field  made 
the  state  the  largest  producer  in  the  country. 
Within  recent  years  extensive  developments 
in  oil  in  southeastern  Ohio  have  added  greatly 
to  the  wealth  of  that  section.     (Fig.  32.) 

In   iQos  the  value  of  the  crude  oil  from 


Fig.  29.     .1  -flock  of  high  grade  sheep.  Woodland  Farm,  Champaign  County    Sheep  raising  is  a  widely  established 
industry  in  Ohio,  sheep  being  raised  on  more  than  twenty-five  per  cent  of  the  farms  of  the  state. 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  OHIO 


15 


Fig.  30. 


The  coalfields  of  Ohio  and  ihe  production  of 
coal  by  counties,   1903. 


the  Ohio  fields  was  more  than  $26,000,000. 
(Fig.  31.)  When  refined,  the  value  of  the 
product  was  several  times  greater.  Refineries 
are  found  at  Lima,  Findlay,  Toledo,  Cleveland, 
Marietta,  and  other  places.  Vast  quantities  of 
crude  oil  are  shipped  by  pipe  lines  to  other 
states  and  there  refined.     (Fig.  35.) 

Natural  gas  was  discovered  at  Findlay 
in  1884.  Throughout  the  field  wells  were 
drilled  rapidly  and  soon  a  large  quantity  of 
gas  was  secured.  This  lead  to  speculation 
and  great  waste  of  gas. 

Later  large  reservoirs  of  gas  were  discov- 
ered in  Fairfield  and  Hocking  counties  and 


Cm  ited  Stalest 

Ohio 

We*t  Virginia 

Ttmtsylvania 

Indiana 

Texan 

California 


Fig.  31.      Ohio's  rank  among  the 
leading     petroleum  -  producing 
states  of  the  country  in  1904, 
as  shown  by  the  value  of 
the  products  in  mil- 
lions of  dollars. 


within  recent  years  in  Licking  and  Knox 
counties.  These  two  fields  have  yielded 
enormous  quantities  of  gas,  supplying  many 
of  the  cities  and  towns  in  the  western  two- 
thirds  of  the  state.  Several  smaller  reservoirs 
of  gas  occur  in  southeastern  Ohio.    (Fig.  32.) 

The  origin  of  petroleum  and  natural  gas  is 
not  known.  Most  students  regard  them  as 
having  been  formed  from  animal  and  vege- 
table life  of  former  ages. 

These  fuels  are  obtained  by  drilling  wells, 
which  vary  greatly  in  depth.  Rarely  are  they 
less  than  100  or  more  than  2,500  feet. 

Ohio  is  a  large  producer  of  stone.  The 
Berea  sandstone,  quarried  largely  in  Cuya- 
hoga and  Lorain  counties,  is  one  of  the  best 
building  stones  in  the  country.      (Fig.   34.) 


Fig.  32.     The  distribution  of  natural  gas  and  petroleum. 

It  is  also  used  extensively  for  curbings  and 
sidewalks,  and  finds  a  ready  market  from  New 
York  to  St.  Louis.  This  sandstone  is  used 
for  grindstones,  of  which  Ohio  produces  four 
times  as  many  as  are  made  in  all  of  the 
other  states. 

Limestone  is  burned  on  a  large  scale  at 


i6 


THK  GEOGRAPHY  OF  OHIO 


in  Meigs  County  began  about  1850,  and  in 
northeastern  Ohio  about  1890. 


OHIO    IN    MINING 


PRODUCT 

Value  in  IQ03 

Rank 
of  State 

Coal 

$31,932,327 

26,234,521 

5,114.051 

4,479.040 

1,082,277 

795,897 

4 

Salt 

4 
4 

2 
3 

Fig.  33.     Scene  at  a  coal  mine.     Coal  passing  front  tntne 
to  tipple  where  it  is  screened  and  loaded  on  cars. 

Kelleys  Island,  Fremont,  Tiffin,  Springfield, 
Marion,  and  many  other  places.  In  all  cases 
the  kilns  are  located  where  suitable  rock  is 
found  at  or  near  the  surface. 

The  state  also  produces  much  Portland 
cement.  This  is  made  by  mixing  limestone 
or  marl  with  clay,  which  is  burned  in  a  kiln 
and  then  ground  to  a  powder.  At  present 
large  plants  are  found  near  Sandusky, 
Canton,  Belief  on  taine,  Wellston,and  Ironton, 
where  the  presence  of 
the  raw  materials  and 
good  shipping  facilities 
have  determined  the 
location  of  the  plants. 

Ohio  has  long  been  a 
large  producer  of  salt, 
holding  third  rank 
among  the  states.  At 
present  there  are  two 
important  centers — 
Meigs  County  in  south- 
eastern Ohio  and  Cuya- 
hoga, Medina,  Sum- 
mit, and  Wayne  in  the 
northeastern  part. 
(Fig.  38.)  These  areas 
are  capable  of  produc- 
ing enough  salt  to  sup- 
ply the  entire  country 
for  many  years. 

The  manufacture  of 
salt  in  large  quantity 


■ ' : 



?.m,.F      1  _ 

1 

|«H 

Flg-  34-     Quarrying  sandstone  at  Berea.     This  rock 
used  largely  for  building  purposes  and  is  also  the 
chief  source  of  grindstones  for  the  United  States. 


Fig   35.     A  storage  tank  for  oil  near  Lima.      This  tank 
holds  jo,ooo  barrels.     Note  the  ridge  of  earth  sur- 
rounding the  tank.     This  forms  a  basin  to 
catch  the  oil  if  the  tank  bursts. 

Manufacturing. 

Ohio  is  a  great  manu- 
facturing state,  the 
value  of  the  manufac- 
tured products  exceed- 
ing those  of  agricul- 
ture and  mining 
combined.      (Fig.    44.) 

Among  the  natural 
advantages  for  manu- 
facturing are  an  abun- 
dance of  raw  materials 
and  fuel,  excellent 
transportation  facil- 
ities, and  a  location 
near  the  center  of  pop- 
ulation. 

First  in  manufac- 
tured products  must 
be  mentioned  iron  and 
steel,  the  value  of  the 
output  for  1900  ex- 
ceeding $138,000,000. 
During      thirty-five 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  OHIO 


17 


Fig.  36.    A  tin-plate  mill  at  Martins  Ferry.      This  is  one  of  the  largest 
plants  of  its  kind  in  the  world. 

years  Ohio  has  held  second  place  among  the 
states  in  this  industry,  being  surpassed  by 
Pennsylvania  alone.     The  two  most  impor- 
tant   factors    .'n    the 
industry  are  iron   ore 
and    coke.      The    first 
is    shipped    by   boat 
from  the  Lake  Superior 
field     to    Cleveland, 
Conneaut,     Ashtabula 
Harbor,    and    Lorain, 
and    then    distributed 
by    rail.     The    second 
is    obtained    from 
western  Pennsylvania. 

Among  important 
producers  are  Youngs- 
town,      Cleveland, 

Lorain,  Ironton  (Fig.  37',  Wellsville,  Mingo, 
Martins  Ferry,  and  Bellaire.  These  places  are 
all  located  in  the  northeastern  or 
eastern  portions  of  the  state  be- 
tween the  great,  ore  docks  on 
Lake  Erie  and  the  coke  ovens  of 
Pennsylvania,  a  position  that 
has  made  them  great  centers  of 
production  for  iron  and  steel. 

Ohio  ranks  first  in  the  manu- 
facture of  carriages  and  wagons, 
Cincinnati  being  the  largest 
producer  of  buggies  in  the  United 
States.      Columbus    also   is    im- 


FlG. 


portant  in  this  industry.  Zanes- 
ville  makes  wagons,  and,  in  fact, 
nearly  every  city  in  the  state 
contributes  to  the  output. 

Springfield  manufactures  great 
quantities  of  agricultural  imple- 
ments, that  being  the  most 
important  industry  in  the  city. 
Akron,  Mansfield,  Marion,  Mas- 
sillon,  and  Dayton  also  are 
important  centers  of  the  indus- 
try, in  which  the  state  ranks 
second.  This  is  a  result,  partly, 
of  its  position  with  reference  to  the  great 
agricultural  states  of  the  West. 

Ohio  easily  ranks  first  in  clay  products. 
(Fig.  40.)  East  Liver- 
pool is  the  most  impor- 
tant pottery  center  in 
the  country.  (Fig.  41.) 
Zanesville  also  is  a 
large  producer.  The 
finer  clays  used  in  the 
industry  are  brought 
from  other  states.  The 
Rookwood  Pottery  at 
Cincinnati  makes  the 
finest  art  ware  in  the 
United  States,  and  its 
products  are  prized 
in  the  art  centers  of 
Europe  as  well  as  of  America.  (Fig.  62.) 
The  more   useful   products,    such  as  brick, 


37.    Etna  Furnace,  Ironton.     This  ranks  among 
the  greatest  iron  furnaces  in  the  world. 


Fig.  38.     Salt  works  in  Wayne  County.     One  of  the  chief  centers 
of  the  salt  industry. 


iS 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  OHIO 


roofing,  tile,  and  sewer 
pipe  are  manufactured 
on  a  large  scale  at 
Zanesville,  Nelson- 
ville,  Union  Furnace, 
Sciotoville,  Akron, 
and  many  other 
places.  These  plants 
are  near  clay  deposits 
and  fuel  supplies  that 
are  responsible  for 
their  establishment. 
More  than  85  per  cent 
of  the  sewer  pipe  used 


Fig.  30      Interior  view  of  a  pottery  at  Steubenville 


United  Slates 

Ohio^ 

Pennsylvania 
yew  Jersey- 
Sew  York -^ 


in  the  United  States  is  made  in  Ohio  (Fig.  40.) 
In  1900  the  va'ue  of  boots  and  shoes  made 
was  nearly  $18,000,000.  Among  important 
centers  of  production  are  Columbus  Ports- 
mouth, and  Cincinnati. 

'  o  10  20  ?0 

Ohio  ranks  third  in 
the  manufacture  of 
flour  and  related  prod- 
ucts. Lucas  County 
is  the  center  of  the 
flour  industry,  a  result 
due  in  part  to  cheap 
water  transportation 
to  the  wheat  fields  of  the  Northwest,  and  to 
good  railroad  facilities.  Akron  makes  agri- 
cultural implements  and  large  quantities  of 
breakfast  foods. 

In  1900  the 
value  of  the 
ready-made 
clothing  pro- 
ducer] in  Ohio 
exceeded  $24,- 
000,000.  This 
industry  is  con- 
fined chiefly  to 
the  larger  cities 
where  labor  is 
easily  obtained. 

Printing  and 
publishing  also 


Fig  4 1 .  .4  pottery  at  East  Liverpool.   The  leading  pottery  center  in  the  con  ntry 


are  important.  The 
value  of  the  output  of 
the  plants  in  1900  ex- 
ceeded $20,000,000. 
Cincinnati  has  the  larg- 
est publishing  house, 
but  the  industry  is 
widely  distributed. 

The  value  of  slaugh- 
tered products  in  1900 
exceeded  $20,000,000. 
Cincinnati  is  the  cen- 
ter of  this  industry, 
which  is  much  less 
important  than  it  was  ormerly.  The  decline 
in  production  is  due  entirely  to  the  trend  of 
the  industry  toward  centers  in  or  near  the 
corn  belt  and  cattle  country. 

Ohio  ranks  third  in 

50         bo         70         So         oo      too 

the  manufacture  of 
cigars  and  cigarettes, 
and  is  a  large  pro- 
ducer of  other  tobacco 
products.  This  indus- 
try is  established  in  all 
parts  of  the  state, 
though  the  largest 
factories  exist  in  the  cities,  especially  at  Mid- 
dletown,  which  is  the  center  of  an  extensive 
tobacco-growing  territory.     Cincinnati  does  a 

large  wholesale 
business  in  leaf 
tobacco. 

Ohio  is  a 
large  manufac- 
turer of  glass. 
Many  of  the 
factories  are 
located  where 
natural  gas  can 
be  secured, 
that  fuel  being 
especially 
adapted  to  the 
glass  industry. 


Fig.  40.    Ohio's  rank  among  the  lead- 
ing states  engaged  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  clay  products,  as  shown 
by  value  of   products  in 
millions  of  dollars 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  OHIO 


19 


Fig.  42.      The  distribution  of  cheese  and  butter  factories. 

Among  the  most  important  centers  of  produc- 
tion are  Bellaire,  Martins  Ferry,  Steubenville, 
Zanesville,  Lancaster,  and  Newark.  Toledo 
makes  the  finest  cut  glass. 

The  annual  value  of  the  malt  and  distilled 
liquors  and  wine  produced  in  Ohio  exceeds 
$31,000,000.  Whiskey  is  made  at  many 
places,  and  breweries  exist  in  nearly  every 
county.  Wines  are  made  along  the  lake 
shore,  and  especially  on  the  islands  in  the 
lake,  where  grapes  thrive. 


In  1900  the  number  of  manufacturing 
establishments  in  the  state  wa>  32,398,  and 
the  average  number  of  employees  345,869. 
The  value  of  the  products  for  that  year  was 
$832,438,113.  The  twelve  most  important 
manufacturing  centers  are  Cincinnati,  Cleve- 
land, Columbus,  Toledo,  Dayton,  Canton, 
Youngstown,  Akron,  Springfield,  Hamilton, 
Lorain,  and  Bellaire. 

Transportation.  Ohio's  facilities  for  trans- 
portation are  unusual.  Each  county  is 
crossed  by  at  least  one  railroad,  and  nearly 
every  one  by  two  or  more  roads.  Eight 
trunk  lines  extend  across  the  state  in  a  gen- 
eral east  and  west  direction  from  the  Atlantic 


Fig.  43.     A  creamery  in  Huron  County. 


I- ig.  44.     Value  of  manufactured  products  per  square  mile. 


Coast  to  Chicago  or  to  St.  Louis,  giving  our 
state  unrivaled  communication  between  the 
East  and  the  West. 

From  Cincinnati,  two  roads  run  direct  to 
New  Orleans,  and  a  third  to  Chattanooga. 
These  roads  give  Ohio  excellent  facilities 
for  trade  with  a  large  part  of    the    South. 

Electric  lines  are  being  constructed  rap'd'y. 
The  state  soon  will  be  covered  with  a  net- 


20 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  OHIO 


Fig.  45.     .4  lock  on  the  Muskingum  River.     By  means  of 

a  series  of  these  locks  the  river  is  navigable  for 

steamboats  as  far  as  Zanesville. 

work  of  these  roads,  which  contribute  so 
much  to  the  convenience  and  prosperity  of 
the  people  residing 
in   the    rural  districts. 

The  value  of  Lake 
Erie  for  transportation 
is  very  great,  especially 
for  the  shipment  of 
such  heavy  or  bulky 
materials  as  iron  ore, 
c<  >al,  lumber,  and  grain, 
an  advantage  that  has 
been  an  important 
factor  in  making  Cleve- 
land the  largest  city 
in  the  state.    (Fig.  46.) 

The   Ohio    River   is 
an<  >ther    highway    for 


Fig   46.     A  freight  boat  on  Lake  Erie.    This  boat  brings 

iron  ore  from  the  Lake  Superior  region  and, 

returning,  takes  coal. 


transportation,  though  its  importance  now  is 
less  than  in  earlier  years,  when  this  water- 
way formed  one  of  the  greatest  arteries  of 
trade  in  the  country.      (Fig.  47.) 

Formerly  canals  were  the  chief  means  for 
transportation,  but  they  gradually  fell  into 
disuse  and,  in  part,  have  been  abandoned. 
The  state  has  begun  the  repair  of  the  canal 
extending  from  Cleveland  to  Dresden,  and 
by  means  of  this  canal  and  the  Muskingum 
River  1  h  >]  »es  t<  >  cstal  dish  a  water  route  between 
Lake  Erie  and  the  Ohio  River.      (Fig.  45.) 

Commerce.  With  ample  transportation 
facilities  and  great   variety  and  quantitv  of 


products,  it  follows  that  Ohio  has  an  exten- 
sive, valuable,  and  growing  commerce. 

The  state  imports  great  quantities  of  iron 
ore  and  lumber  from  the  Lake  Superior  terri- 
tory ;  flour  from  Minneapolis ;  clays  from  New 
Jersey  and  other  states;  leather  from  our 
great  meat-packing  centers  and  from  South 
America;  coke  and  coal  from  Pennsylvania 
and  West  Virginia ;  and  hemp  from  Central 
America  and  other  countries. 

It  sends  in  return,  among  other  products, 
large  quantities  of  corn,  wheat,  hay,  wool, 
and  live  stock ;  malt  and  distilled  liquors  and 
wines;  agricultural  implements,  iron  and 
steel  nroducts,  buggies,  cash  registers,  edge 
tools,  and  safes;  cloth- 
ing, boots,  and  shoes; 
pianos  and  organs; 
books  and  newspapers ; 
glass,  pottery,  bricks, 
roofing  tile,  and  sewer 
pipe;  coal,  building 
stone,  and  petroleum. 
While  Ohio  does  not 
occupy  he  first  place 
in  a  large  number  of  in- 
dustries, it  does  stand 
near  the  top  in  many. 
This  has  made  our 
state  one  of  the  wealth- 
iest  in  the  Union, 
while  the  diversity  of  industries  has  distrib- 
uted the  wealth  with  considerable  uniformity. 





Fig.  47.     An  Ohio  River  steamboat. 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  OHIO 


Government.     The 

Government  of  Ohio 
is  modeled  after  that 
of  the  United  States, 
and  consists  of  three 
departments  —  legisla- 
tive, executive,  and 
judicial.  The  legisla- 
tive power  is  vested  in 
a  General  Assembly, 
consisting  of  a  House 
of  Representatives  and 
a  Senate.  The  former 
body  is  chosen  by 
counties,  each  county 
having  one  or  more 
members.  Senators 
are  chosen  by  districts, 
wh'ch  number  thirty- 
four,  each  district 


The  Congressional  districts  of  Ohio,  j.goi- 


was  given  the  power  to 
veto  a  bill  passed  by 
the  General  Assembly. 

The  judicial  depart- 
ment consists  of  a 
Supreme  Court,  Cir- 
cuit courts,  and  several 
1  o  w  e  r  c  o  u  r  t  s.  The 
Supreme  Court  consists 
of  five  judges,  one 
elected  each  year  for 
a  period  of  five  years. 

Ohio  has  twenty-one 
Representatives  in  the 
National  Congress  and, 
like  all  of  the  other 
states,  two  Senators. 

Penal  Institutions. 
The  Ohio  Penitentiary 
is    located    at   Colum- 


having  one  or  more  Senators.     (Fig.  48.) 

The  General  Assembly  meets  biennially,  in 
the  Capitol  at  Columbus.  (Fig.  50.)  It  may 
be  called  in  extra  session  by  the  Governor. 
Each  member  is  elected  for  two  years,  but 
may  be  reelected  any  number  of  times. 

The  executive  power  is  vested  in  the  Gov- 
ernor. He  is  commander-in-chief  of  the 
militia,  appoints  many  state  officials,  sees 
to  the  enforcement  of  the  laws,  and  performs 
other  duties  of  an  executive  nature.  By 
action  of  the  people  in   1903  the  Governor 


Fig.  49.      View  at  the  Soldiers'  and  Sailors'  Home  at  Sandusky. 


Fig.  50.     The  State  Capitol  at  Columbus. 

bus.  Males  between  the  ages  of 
sixteen  and  thirty  convicted  of 
certain  kinds  of  crimes  are  sent 
to  the  Reformatory  at  Mansfield. 
Incorrigible  boys  are  sent  to  the 
Industrial  School  near  Lan- 
caster, and  girls  to  the  Industrial 
Home  near  Delaware.  Some 
cities  and  counties  maintain  a 
workhouse,  where  persons  con- 
victed of  minor  offenses  are  sent. 
State  Charities      Ohio  makes 


22 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  OHIO 


generous  provision  lor 
the  unfortunate.  Hos- 
pitals for  the  insane  are 
located  at  Cleveland, 
Toledo,  Massillon, 
Columbus,  Athens, 
Dayton,  and  Cincin- 
nati. There  is  a  hospi- 
tal for  epileptics  at 
Gallipolis,  and  an  insti- 
tution for  feeble-mind- 
ed youths  at  Columbus, 
which  also  contains 
institutions  for  the 
blind,  deaf  and  dumb.  The  state  supports  a 
home  for  the  orphans  of  soldiers  and  sailors 


l   i 

/\ 

ffy.j  &  • 

\\\ . 

_^J5 

£w 

HflB- 1      ■      U> 

'   *•'><. 'fa 

■  ' 

kfal 

355B? 

™-^j^^^ 

Fig     51.     /I   centralized  schoi 
1  he  wagons  carry  the  pup 


Fig.  52.     Ewing  Hall,  Ohio 

at  Xenia,  and  a  home  for 
at  Sandusky.  (Fig.  49.) 
home  for  soldiers  and 
sailors  near  Dayton. 
Each  county  has  an 
infirmary  or  poor- 
house,  and  usually  a 
children's  home. 

Education.  For  the 
education  of  the  youth, 
the  state  supports  a 
school  system  includ- 
ing many  high  and  two 
normal  schools,  a  uni- 
versity, and,  to  a  lim- 
ited extent,  three  addi- 


University,  Athens. 

soldiers  and  sailors 
There  is  a  national 


tional  universities. 
Besides  these,  there 
exist  various  private 
schools,  academies,  col- 
leges, and  universities. 
Children  between 
the  ages  of  eight  and 
fourteen  years  must 
attend  school  for  the 
entire  period  that 
school  is  in  session. 
This  must  be  at  least 
twenty-four  weeks, 
and  nearly  always  is 
thirty-two  weeks   or  more.     Boys  and  girls 


'/  in   Champaign  County. 
Us  to  and  from  school. 


from 

fourteen 

to 

sixteen  years  of 

age 

not 

i 

m\&& 

|  .'■ 

■  a  ■ 

•> 

J£.i  ~~     "WW 

* 

■ — • .: 

Fig. 


53 


Fig.  54.     The  Main  Building,  Miami  University. 

at  work,  or  who  have  reached  that  age  and 
cannot  read  and  write  the  English  language, 
likewise  are  required 
to  attend  school. 

The  "Boxwell  law" 
provides  that  pupils 
in  the  country  schools 
who  have  passed  a 
specified  examination 
may  enter  a  neighbor- 
ing high  school  and 
have  the  tuition  paid 
by  their  district. 

A  start  has  been 
made  in  the  cen- 
tralization of  schools. 


Mam  Building.  Case  School  of  Applied 
Science,  Cleveland. 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  OHIO 


23 


(Fig.  51.)  This  requires  that  all  schools  of  a 
township  be  located  at  one  place,  thus  mak- 
ing possible  the  grading  of  the  schools  and 
the  formation  of  a  high  school.  This  will 
give  the  pupils  of  the  country  the  school 
advantages  at  present  enjoyed  by  those  resid- 
ing in  towns  and  cities. 

In  1902  the  state  established  two  normal 
schools  for  the  training  of  teachers.  One 
is  at  Athens  and  the  other  at  Oxford. 

The  expense  of  maintain  ng  the  state  pub- 
lic schools  annually  amounts  to  more  than 
$14,000,000.  This  is  provided  in  several 
ways,  chief  of  which  is  taxation. 

Ohio  has  thirty-nine  institutions  known  as 


versity  Hall,  Ohio  State  University. 


universities  or  college  .  Four  of  these  receive 
state  aid.  The  Ohio  University  at  Athens, 
established  in  1804,  is  the  oldest  in  the  West; 
Miami  University,  located  at  Oxford,  was 
established  in  1809.  (Figs.  52  and  54.)  Wil- 
ber force  University,  near  Xenia,  is  devoted  to 
the  education  of  the  colored  race.  The  funds 
it  receives  from  the  state  are  used  in  teach- 
ing industrial  work. 

The  Ohio  State  University  at  Columbus 
is  a  result  of  an  act  passed  by  Congress  in 
1862  for  the  establishment  of  colleges  in  the 
several  states,  whose  leading  objects  shall  be, 
"  without  excluding  other  scientific  and  clas- 
sical studies,  "  to  teach  branches  of  learning 
related  to  agriculture  and  the  mechanic  arts. 


Fig.  50.      The  Spear  Library  Building,  Oberlin  College . 

It  is  supported  partly  by  the  national 
government,  but  more  largely  by  the  state. 
Attention  is  given  to  studies  relating  to  agri- 
culture, engineering,  veterinary  medicine, 
and  pharmacy.  It  has  also  a  College  of  Law 
and  one  of  Arts,  Philosophy,  and  Science. 
(Figs.  55  and  57.) 

Other  institutions  that  have  rendered  great 
service  to  the  cause  of  education  are  Oberlin 
College,  a  pioneer  in  coeducation  as  well  as  in 
the  admission  of  colored  students,  and  Case 
School  at  Cleveland,  devoted  to  technical 
education.      (Figs.  53  and  56.) 

THE  LARGER   COLLEGES   AND    UNIVERSITIES    IN   1903. 


NAME 

Location 

Number  of 
Instructors 

Number  of 
Students 

Ohio  State  University 

Columbus 

Oberlin 

Delaware 

Cincinnati 

Cleveland 

Granville 

Cleveland 

Wooster 

148 
104 

68 
164 

32 

32 
136 

.S3 

1,711 

Ohio  Wesleyan  University. .  .  . 

University  of  Cincinnati 

Case  School  ■  >f  Aoolied  Science. 

Denison  University 

Western  Reserve  University. . 

1,117 
1.073 
453 
45i 
78.S 
5i6 

Fro 


Agricultural  Building,  Ohio  State  University 


24 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  OHIO 


II.     THE    GROWTH    AND    DEVELOP- 
MENT  OF   CITIES. 

Gain  in  Population.  In  Ohio,  as  in  other 
great  states  of  the  Mississippi  Basin  group,  the 
growth  of  the  state  in  recent  years  has  been 
marked  bv   a   notable 


tures  in  connection  with  the  movement  of  popu- 
lation lies  in  its  even  distribution  over  the  counties 
of  the  state,  Ohio  surpassing  all  the  other  com- 
monwealths in  this  respect.  At  the  same  time 
its  density  of  population,  102  to  the  square  mile, 
exceeds  that  of  any  other  state  west  of  the  Alle- 
ghenies  and  is  four  times 


,Sjo 

rSjo 


increase  in  the  popu- 
lation of  cities  and 
towns.  Between  1890 
and  1900  the  gain  in 
population,  about  half  a 
million,  was  nearly  all 
added  to  urban  centers, 
and  to-day  more  than 
one-half  of  the  people 
live  in  the  711  incorpo- 
rated places  in  the  state. 
There    are   83    cities 

having  a  population  of  4,000  and  over  only  two 
other  states  in  the  Union  having  a  greater  num- 
ber. The  number  of  persons  residing  in  these 
cities  constitutes  mere  than  two-fifths  of  the 
total  population.  Cleveland,  the  largest  city  in 
the  state,  and  the  third  great  city  west  of  the  Alle- 
ghenies,  between  1890  and  1900  showed  a  gain  of 
63  per  cent.  With  this 
it  rose  from  tenth  to 
seventh  rank  among  the 
leading  cities  of  the 
Union.  Many  other 
cities  are  growing  with 
equal  rapidity,  Colum- 
bus, Akron,  and  Canton 
all  showing  even  higher 
percentages  of  gain. 
Cities  and  towns  have 
sprung  up  all  over  the 
state  wherever  coal,  gas, 
or  water  power,  the 
development  of  agricul- 
ture or  special  facilities 
for  transportation,  have 
invited  manufactures  'or 
trade. 

In  Ohio  the  popula- 
tion is  very  evenly  dis- 
tributed. Indeed,  one  of 
the   most    striking    fea- 


Fig.  57.     The  density  of  papula 
tion  per  square  mile  in  Ohio, 
at  each  Federal  census 
from  1800  to  igoo. 


*57'i 

1 

greater  than  the  density 
for  the  whole  country. 
(Figs.  57  and  58.) 

Cleveland,  the  largest 
city  of  Ohio,  lies  on 
Lake  Erie  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Cuyahoga  River. 
(Fig.  60.)  Built  in  great 
part  on  a  high  level  plain, 
its  situation,  overlooking 
the  lake,  is  beautiful. 
It  is  divided  by  the  deep, 
narrow  valley  of  the  Cuyahoga  River,  across 
which  extend  viaducts  and  bridges  connecting 
the  two  sections  of  the  city.  It  is  situated  upon 
the  lake  on  the  direct  lines  of  travel  between 
the  East  and  the  West  and  between  the  iron- 
producing  regions  of  the  Superior  district  and 
the  coal  and  oil  fields  of  Ohio  and  Pennsylvania. 
The  advantages  afforded 
by  this  location  have 
made  Cleveland  one  of 
the  great  commercial 
centers  of  the  country, 
and  second  only  to 
Chicago,  in  the  Great 
Lakes  district,  as  an 
industrial  point.  It  is 
the  chief  port  on  the 
lake,  the  traffic  in  coal 
and  iron  leading  in  im- 
portance. Lumber  and 
grain  rank  next.  It  has 
excellent  facilities  for 
handling  its  shipping. 
Upon  the  low  grounds 
of  the  valley,  lumber 
yards,  ore  docks,  freight 
wharves,  and  coal  yards 
extend  along  the  river 
and  to  the  harbor  pro- 
tected  bv   an   immense 


j2j,ooo  and  over 


-The  relative  size  of  incorporated  cities  and 
Tiilajes  '»  Bhown  bj  the  size  of  the  circles. 


The  density  of  urban  population  in  Ohio, 
census  of  ipoo. 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  OHIO 


iiiu 

_«T~       '■ 

-*-.:       .1 

CLEVELAND 

AND    VICINITY 

Scale 


Fig.  59.     City  Square  and  Soldiers'  Monument,  Cleveland 

stone  breakwater.  Its'  situation  upon  the  lake 
has  also  made  the  city  one  of  the  great  fish 
markets  of  the  country. 

Cleveland  is   a   city  of  great   attractiveness. 
This  is  due  to  its  many  broad  streets  so  abun- 
dantly shaded  that  it  has  been  aptly  named  the 
Forest  City,  and  to  the  extent  and  beauty  of  its 
parks  and  squares.     It  contains  many  notable 
monuments  (Fig.  59),  chief  among 
which  is  the  Garfield  Memorial  in 
Lake  View  Cemetery,  where  lies  the 
body  of  President  Garfield. 

The  leading  industrial  interests 
of  Cleveland  center  in  the  man- 
ufacturing of  iron  and  steel,  and 
foundry  and  machine-shop  prod- 
ucts. In  the  output  of  wire  nails 
it  outranks  all  other  cities,  and  its 
oil  refineries  are  the  largest  in  the 
world.  Clothing  also  is  produced 
in  great  quantities  in  the  city.  At 
its  ship-yards  many  vessels  a?e 
built   for  the  lake  trade. 

The  public  schools  of  Cleveland 
are  noted  for  their  efficiency  and 
progressiveness.  A  number  of 
institutions  for  higher  education 
are  located  here.  Among  them  are 
the    Western    Reserve    University 


and  the  Case  School  of  Applied 
Science,  a  well  known  technolog- 
ical school.     (Fig.  53.) 

Cincinnati,  the  chief  city  of  the 
Ohio  Valley,  and  long  the  metrop- 
olis of   the   state,    is  the   second 
city  in  size  in  Ohio.     Rising  from 
the  river's'  edge  it  covers  exten- 
sive terraces   that   here  lie    high 
above    the    flood-waters    of    the 
stream.     Along   the    river    front 
is  a  levee  backed  by  warehouses 
and  manufacturing  plants ;  higher 
than    these,    upon    the    plain    of 
the  terrace,  is  the  retail  district; 
while  on  still  more  elevated  sites 
are    splendid    residence    districts 
approached  by  inclined  railways. 
(Fig.  61.) 
Commercially,  Cincinnati  is  a  gateway  to  the 
South  and  Southwest,  and  is  connected  by  many 
railways  with  New  Orleans,  Atlanta,  and  other 
southern     points.       Additional     transportation 
facilities  are  afforded  by  the  Ohio  River,  upon 
which  the  city  has  a  frontage  of  about   four- 
teen miles.    Owing  to  its  rank  as  a  trading  center 
the  city  is  the  chief  financial  center  of  Ohio. 


Fig.  60.      Map  of  Cleveland  and  vicinity. 


26 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  OHIO 


CINCINNATI 

AND  VICINITY 

Scale 


Cincinnati  is 
a  prominent 
manufacturing 
city  with  several 
thousand  indus- 
trial plants  and 
a  wide  variety  of 
manufactures. 
Clothing,  maU 
and  distilled 
liquors,  and 
foundry  and 
machine-shop 
products  lead  in 
value.  Slaugh- 
tering and  meat 
packing  also 
are  important, 
though  much 
less  so  than 
formerly.  The 
artistic  pottery  made  at  Cincinnati  has  an  inter- 
national reputation.     (Fig.  62.) 

The  city  has  an  excellent  educational  system 
and  numerous  private  schools  of  high  standing. 
Supplementing  the  city  schools  is  the  Univer- 
sity of  Cincinnati,  the  organization  of  which 
was  made  possible  by  a  grant  from  the  city. 
In  the  famous  Eden  Park  on  Mount  Adams  is 
the  Museum  and  Art  School.  Cincinnati  long 
has  been  known  as  a  musical  center,  and  the 
musical  festivals  for  years  have  been  distinctive 
features  of  its  life. 

The  city,  popularly  known  as  the  Queen 
City  of  the  West,  contains  many  beautiful  and 
substantial  private  and  public  buildings,  and  is 


justly  proud  of 
its  beautiful 
parks,  finely 
wooded  and 
picturesque. 

Toledo,  the 
third  city  of 
Ohio,  lies  at  the 
rrouth  of  the 
Maumee  River 
along  both 
banks  of  the 
stream.  (Fig. 
63.)  It  has  a 
fine  harbor  with 
a  deep  water- 
way, and  is  im- 
portant both  as 
a  lake  port  and  a 
railroad  center. 
(Fig.  64.)  The 
city  has  many  miles  of  docks  and,  like  Cleveland, 
it  is  a  receiving  and  distributing  point  for  ore  and 
other  products  from  the  upper  lake  regions  and 
for  coal  and  various  products  from  Ohio  and 
neighboring  states.  Toledo's  coal  shipments 
exceed  those  of  all  lake  ports  except  Cleveland. 
It  has  a  large  grain  trade. 

Toledo  is  a  great  and  growing  manufactur- 
ing center.  Chief  among  the  many  industrial 
interests  are  its  flouring  and  grist  mills,  with 
an  output  in  1900  valued  at  $4,400,000.  Foun- 
dry and  machine-shop  products  rank  second. 
Extensive  shipbuilding  plants  are  located  on 
the  water  front,  and  just  outside  the  city  limits 
are  large  glass  works.     The   city  is    a   leading 


Map  of  Cincinnati  and  vicinity. 


Fig.  62.     The  Rookwood  Art  Pottery,  Cincinnati.     The  products  of  this  plant  are  prized  in  the  art  circles  of  Europe 

as  well  as  of  America. 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  OHIO 


27 


TOLEDO 

AND  VICINITY 

Scale 


Fig.  63.     Map  of  Toledo  and  vicinity. 

educational  center,  with  excellent  public  and 
many  private  schools,  and  a  fine  park  system. 
Columbus,  the  capital  and  fourth  city  in  size 
of  Ohio,  lies  near  the  center  of  the  state.  It  is 
situated  along  both  sides  of  the  Scioto  River  on 
generally  level  ground.  (Fig.  65.)  The  earlier 
growth  of  the  city  was  aided  largely  by  its 
situation  upon  highways  of  travel  between  the 
Pennsylvania  mountain  passes  and  the  western 
prairie  states.  The  city  is  now  one  of  the  great 
railroad  centers  of  the  West,  many  lines  radiat- 
ing from  it  as  did  the  earlier  roadways.  These 
roads  connect  it  with  all  the 
leading  cities  of  the  East  and 
Central  West,  and  Columbus  has 
become  the  distributing  center  for 
a  wide  area  of  surrounding  terri- 
tory. The  city  is  near  extensive 
coal  and  gas  fields.  The  develop- 
ment of  these  resources  brought 
cheap  fuel  and  resulted  in  making 
Columbus  the  center  of  varied  and 
extensive  manufactures.  In  1900 
the  leading  industry  was  the  work- 
ing of  iron  and  steel;  second  in 
importance  was  the  making  of  foun- 
dry and  machine-shop  products; 
while  the  production  of  factory- 
made  boots  and  shoes  ranked  third.  Fig.  64 


Columbus  is  also  well  known  as  an  educa- 
tional center  and  as  the  seat  of  numerous 
charitable  institutions.  Besides  the  State 
University,  it  has  other  public  and  private 
institutions  for  advanced  study,  and  here  are 
asylums  for  the  deaf,  dumb,  and  blind,  and 
for  the  feeble-minded.  The  state  insane  asylum 
and  the  penitentiary  likewise  are  located  here. 

The  city  is  well  built,  with  broad,  finely  paved 
streets  and  numerous  parks.  Laid  out  in  1812, 
it  became  the  capital  of  the  state  in  1816,  and 
the  legislature,  which  meets  at  the  Capitol 
(Fig.  50)  in  Columbus  every  two  years,  held 
its  first  session  here  in  December  of  that  year. 

Dayton,  the  fifth  city  in  size  in  the  state,  and 
the  county  seat  of  Montgomery  County,  is  a 
beautiful  city  on  the  Miami  River  at  its  junction 
with  Mad  River.  It  is  an  important  railroad 
center,  the  natural  market  of  a  farming  region  of 
great  fertility,  and  the  seat  of  extensive  and 
varied  manufacturing  industries.  There  are 
limestone  and  marble  quarries  in  the  vicinity. 
The  city  has  a  fine  system  of  public  schools. 
It  is  the  seat  of  one  of  the  State  Insane  Asylums, 
and  near  by  is  the  central  branch  of  the  National 
Soldiers'  Home.     (Fig.  66.) 

Youngstown,  the  county  seat  of  Mahoning 
County,  is  situated  on  the  Mahoning  River. 
With  excellent  transportation  facilities,  it  is  a 
great  manufacturing  center.  Its  large  industrial 
plants  turn  out  iron  and  various  other  products. 


A  vtew  along  the  water  front  of  the  city  of  Toledo. 


28 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  OHIO 


Akron,  the  county 
seat  of  Summit  County, 
is  a  flourishing  manu- 
facturing city  thirty- 
five  miles  southeast  of 
Cleveland.  It  is  in  the 
vicinity  of  a  number  of 
small  lakes,  one  of 
which,  Summit,  fur- 
nishes the  city's  water 
supply.  On  the  Ohio 
Canal,  and  at  the  junc- 
tion of  four  railways,  it 
has  good  transportation 
facilities.  The  manu- 
facturing industries 
include  the  making  of 
agricultural  implements, 
stoneware,  sewer  pipe, 
rubber  goods,  and  cereal 


COLUMBUS 

AND  VICINITY 

Scale 

o    «     1  2  s 


Fig.  65.     Map  of  Columbus  and  vicinity. 


these  advantages  varied 
and  important  manu- 
factures have  beeri 
established. 

Zanesville,  the  county 
seat  of  Muskingum 
County,  is  at  the  head 
cf  navigation  on  the 
Muskingum  River,  in  a 
region  rich  in  agricul- 
tural resources  and  in 
coal  and  clay.  Here  are 
important  manufac- 
tories for  iron,  steel, 
glass,  pottery,  tile,  and 
farming  implements. 

Lima,  the  county  seat 
of  Allen  County,  is  an 
important  railroad  cen- 
ter in  the  great  oil  belt 


products.     Here  is  the  seat  of  Buchtel  College. 

Springfield,  the  county  seat  of  Clarke  County, 
is  an  important  railroad  point  in  a  rich  agri- 
cultural district,  and  long  has  been  a  leading 
center  for  the  manufacture  of  agricultural  imple- 
ments of  all  kinds.  It  is  the  seat  of  Witten- 
berg College. 

Canton,  the  coun  y  seat  of  Stark  County,  is 
in  a  fine  wheat -growing  district  underlaid  with 
coal,  limestone,  and  pottery  clay.  The  city  has 
excellent  railroad  facilities,  a  good  trade,  and  is 
a  manufacturing  town  of  considerable  impor- 
tance. Canton  was  first  settled  about  1805.  It 
was  the  home  of  President  McKinley.      (Pig-  68.) 

Hamilton,  the  county  seat  of  Butler  County,  is 
a  flourishing 
town  on  the 
Miami  River  , 
twenty -five 
miles  north  of 
Cincinnati.  It 
lies  in  one  of  the 
richest  valleys 
in  the  country, 
and  has  ample 
railway  facilities 
and  splendid 
water  power. 
As    a    result    of  Fig.  66 


of  the  state.  It  is  one  of  the  chief  towns  in 
the  belt  for  distributing  and  refining  crude  oil. 
It  has  oil  refineries,  large  railroad  shops,  and 
works  for  manufacturing  locomotives,  cars,  and 
machinery,  and  for  making  by-products  from 
the  crude  oil. 

Sandusky,  the  county  seat  of  Erie  County, 
is  beautifully  situated  on  Sandusky  Bay,  fifty- 
six  miles  west  of  Cleveland.  It  has  one  of 
the  most  spacious  harbors  on  the  lakes  and 
a  large  trade  in  ice,  coal,  lumber,  salt,  fruit, 
and  wine.  The  lake  fisheries  form  a  leading 
industry  and  at  Sandusky  is  located  the  state 
fish  hatchery.  The  limestone  quarries  in  the 
vicinity  afford  excellent   building  stone. 

Newark,   the 
county  seat  of 
Licking  County, 
is  at  the  source 
of    Licking 
River.     It  lies 
in    an    agricul- 
tural district  of 
great  fertility, 
rich   also  in  gas 
and  sandstone. 
The     extensive 
manufacturing 
A  view  of  the  city  of  Dayton,  and  the  Miami  Rivar.  interests  include 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  OHIO 


29 


tic  67.   East  Wall  of  Ft.  Ancient,  Warren  County.  This 
is  said  to  be  the  largest  prehistoric  earthworks  known. 

glass  works,  the  largest  stove  foundry  in  the 
country,  and  railroad  shops,  which  give  employ- 
ment to  many  men.  In  the  vicinity  are  found 
some  of  the  most  interesting  of  the  mound- 
builders'  works. 

Portsmouth,  the  county  seat  of  Scioto  County, 
is  at  the  confluence  of  the  Ohio  and  Scioto 
rivers.  It  lies  in  a  fertile  valley  having  mineral 
wealth  near  by.  Portsmouth  has  a  flourishing 
trade  and  varied  and  extensive  manufactures. 

Mansfield,  the  county  seat  of  Richland  County, 
is  the  trade  center  of  a  fine  agricultural  district 
and  the  seat  of  important  manufactures.  Here 
is  the  Ohio  State  Reformatory,  the  most  ad- 
vanced penal  institution  in  America.  Mansfield 
was  the  home  of  John  Sherman. 

Findlay,  the  county  seat  of  Hancock  County, 
lies  in  the  greatest  and  richest  oil  field  in  Ohio. 
The  center  of  a  fertile  farming  and  live 
stock  raising  region,  the  growth  of  the  town 
and  its  industries  has  been  rapid.  (Fig.  69.) 

East  Liverpool,  in  Columbiana  County, 
on  the  Ohio,  lias  good  shipping  facilities 
both  by  rail  and  river.  It  is  the  center  of 
the  pottery  industry,  having  the  largest 
works  in  the  country.      (Fig.  41.) 

Lorain,  a  rapidly  growing  city,  is  located 
on  Lake  Erie  at  the  mouth  of  the  Black 
River.  It  has  a  large  trade  by  lake  and 
rail  in  coal  and  iron  ore  and  has  extensive 
iron-working  industries.  Steel  vessels,  the 
largest  afloat  on  the  lakes,  are  made  here 

Steubenville,  the  county  seat  of  Jefferson 
County,  is  on  the  Ohio  River,  forty-four 
miles  west  of  Pittsburg.    The  surrounding 


country,  much  of  it  fertile,  contains  deposits  of 
coal,  oil,  and  natural  gas.  This  results  in  a 
flourishing  trade  and  important  and  varied 
industrial  interests.  It  has  one  iron-working 
plant  employing  nearly  3,000  people.     (Fig.  39.) 

Marietta,  the  county  seat  of  Washington 
County,  is  at  the  junction  of  the  Ohio  and 
Muskingum  rivers,  in  an  oil  region,  and  large 
and  important  industries  have  grown  up  here. 
It  is  the  oldest  town  in  the  state,  having  been 
settled  by  people  from  New  England  in  1788. 
It  is  the  seat  of  Marietta  College.  Twelve  miles 
below  the  town  is  historic  Blennerhassett  Island. 

Chillicothe,  the  county  seat  of  Ross  County, 
is  on  the  Scioto  River,  fifty  miles  south  of 
Columbus.  In  a  valley  of  great  fertility,  and  at 
the  crossing  of  important  railroads  it  has  become 
a  leading  grain  market  and  manufacturing  cen- 
ter. Settled  in  1796,  it  was  the  state  capital 
from    1800    to   1810. 

Ashtabula,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Ashtabula 
River,  has  a  fine  harbor  and  good  railroad  facil- 
ities. The  port  is  important  for  the  tranship- 
ment of  coal  and  iron  ore.  The  chief  industry 
is  the  manufacture  of  agricultural  implements. 

Piqua,  Miami  County,  is  on  the  Miami  River, 
at  the  crossing  of  two  railroads.  It  is  the  seat 
of  many  industries,  but  is  especially  noted  for 
its  manufactures  of  linseed  oil. 

Massillon,  Stark  County,  on  the  Tuscarawas 
River,  has  large  sandstone  quarries,  an  impor- 
tant trade  in  coal,  and  manufactories. 


Fir..  68.      Tne  home  oj  President  McKinley.  at  Canton. 


3° 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  OHIO 


Ironton,  county  seat  of  Lawrence  County,  on 
the  Ohio  River,  is  the  center  of  a  mining  region, 
rich  in  iron  ore,  coal,  and  fire  clay.  It  has  good 
transportation  by  river  and  rail,  and  is  the  seat 
of  extensive  iron  manufactories. 

Marion,  the  county  seat  of  Marion  County,  is 
a  busy  railroad,  trade,  and  industrial  center. 
Its  limestone  quarries  and  kilns  are  very  large 
and  some  of  its  industrial  plants  are  among  the 
largest  in  the  world. 

Tiffin,  the  county  seat  of  Seneca  County,  on 
the  Sandusky  River,  is  a  railroad,  commercial, 
and  manufacturing  center  near  deposits  of  oil 
and  natural  gas.  Limestone  and  lime  are  pro- 
duced from  near  by  quarries.  It  is  the  seat  of  an 
Ursaline  Convent  and  of 
Heidelburg    University. 

Bellaire,  Belmont 
County,  on  the  Ohio 
River,  five  miles  below 
Wheeling,  is  in  a  rich 
agricultural  district 
underlaid  with  coal.  It 
has  a  good  trade  and 
a  variety  of  manufac- 
tures. 

Middletown,  on  the 
Miami  River,  thirty-five 
miles  north  of  Cincin- 
nati, ranks  third  in  the 
United  States  in  the 
manufacture  of  tobacco, 
returning  annually  more 


V         < 

1 

w 
fyS 

n 

Fig.  69 

than  $1,000,000  internal  revenue.  Here  are 
located  various  manufactures  and  paper  mills.  • 

Lancaster,  the  county  seat  of  Fairfield  County. 
on  the  Hocking  River,  lies  in  the  most  important 
gas  field  in  the  state,  and  is  a  growing  manu- 
facturing town.  Lancaster  is  the  birthplace  of 
General  William  Tecumseh  Sherman.  The  State 
Industrial  School  for  boys  is  near  here. 

Alliance,  a  prosperous  trade  and  industrial 
center  in  Stark  County,  has  large  iron  and  steel 
works,  and  is  the  seat  of  Mt.  Union  College. 

Elyria,  the  county  seat  of  Lorain  County,  on 
the  Black  River,  not  far  from  Lake  Erie,  is  the 
market  for  a  dairying  district  and  ships  large 
quantities  of  sandstone  quarried  in  the  vicinity. 
Here  are  flourishing  manufactures. 


Xenia,  the  county  seat  of  Greene  County,  is 
the  center  of  a  productive  farming  section,  and 
has  varied  industrial  interests.  The  Ohio  Sol- 
diers' and  Sailors'  Orphans'  Home  is  located 
here.  Three  miles  east  is  Wilberforce  University. 
Warren,  the  county  seat  of  Trumbull  County, 
is  on  the  Mahoning  River,  surrounded  by  a  fine 
agricultural  district  with  large  dairying  and  live 
stock  interests.  It  is  a  railroad  center  and  has 
a  large  variety  of  manufacturing  interests. 

Fremont,  the  county  seat  of  Sandusky  County, 
on  Sandusky  River,  in  a  fertile  farming  region 
and  in  the  oil  belt,  has  many  industries.  Much 
of  historic  interest  centers  around  Fremont,  a 
notable  Indian  point  in  early  days,  the  site  of 
Fort  Stephenson,  and 
the  scene  of  Croghan's 
victory  in  the  war  of 
1 81 2.  Fremont  was  the 
home  of  President 
Hayes. 

Cambridge,  the  county 
seat  of  Guernsey  County, 
in  a  region  rich  in 
deposits  of  pottery  clay, 
of  coal,  and  natural  gas, 
has  important  manufac- 
tures of  iron  products, 
glass,  and  pottery 

Wellston,   in  Jackson 
County,  is  the  center  of 
a  coal  and  iron  mining 
district,  and  has  exten- 
sive manufactures  of  pig  iron  and  cement. 

Delaware,  the  county  seat  of  Delaware 
County,  twenty-four  miles  north  of  Columbus,  is 
the  trade  center  of  a  good  agricultural  district 
and  a  busy  manufacturing  town.  Here  is  the 
seat  of  Ohio  Wesleyan  University. 

Martins  Ferry,  on  the 'Ohio  two  miles  above 
Wheeling,  in  a  district  underlaid  with  coal  and 
limestone,  has  large  manufactures  of  iron,  steel, 
tin  plate,  and  glass.  (Fig.  36.)  It  is  the  birth- 
place of  William  Dean  Howells,  the  novelist. 

Fostoria,  Seneca  County,  lies  in  a  good  farming 

region  at  the  crossing  of  six  railroads,  and  near 

productive   oil  fields.     These  advantages   have 

made  it  the  seat  of  glass  and  other  large  works. 

Salem,  Columbiana  County,  is  the  center  of 


A  n  oil  farm  near  Findlay. 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  OHIO 


31 


,. 

-..  ..  'fJ' i ■ -:^f  i 

Kjk      [Nt  j 

..|3Hjfe 

IHtifi 

^wgpipBb*;- 

1l 

Fig.  70.     Iron  ore  docks,  Conneaut  Harbor. 


a  farming.,  stock  raising,  and  coal  mining  district. 
Its  industrial  products  include  engines,  steel, 
tools,  stoves,  tile,  and  furniture. 

Defiance,  the  county  seat  oc  Defiance  County, 
lies  at  the  confluence  of  the  Maumee  and  Auglaize 
rivers,  in  a  fertile  agricultural  region.  It  has  a 
large  trade  in  farm  products  and  manufactures 
wood-working  machinery.  Here  in  1794,  in 
the  very  heart  of  the  Indian  country,  General 
Anthony  Wayne,  whose  campaign  against  the 
Indians  closed  with  the  battle  of  Fallen  Timbers 
(Fig.  17),  built  Fort  Defiance. 

Niles,  Trumbull  County,  is  on  the  Mahoning 
River  in  a  district  devoted  to  manufacturing. 
The  leading  industries  include  the  making  of 
iron,  tin  plate,  metal  lath,  and  street  cars. 
Niles  is  the   birthplace  of  President  McKinley. 

Galion,  Crawford  County,  is  a  flourishing  rail- 
road  and  industrial   center. 

Conneaut,  a  port  on  Lake  Erie,  at  the  mouth 
of  Conneaut  Creek,  has  an  unrivaled  harbor  and 
an  extensive  trade  in  coal  and  iron  ore.  (Fig. 
70.)  Important  car  ferries  ply  between  Con- 
neaut and  Canadian  ports.  Here  are  large  flour- 
ing mills,  canneries,  and  railroad  repair  shops. 

Norwalk,  the  county  seat  of  Huron  County, 
is  a  railroad  center  in  a  fertile  farming  district. 
Here  are  manufactured  pianos,  organs,  machin- 
ery, steel,  and  novelties. 

Circleville,  the  prosperous  county  seat  of 
Pickaway  County,  on  the  Scioto  River,  is  a  market 
and  an  industrial  town  in  a  fine  agricultural 
region.  It  occupies  the  site  of  a  circular  pre- 
historic fortification,  hence  its  name. 

Kenton,  the  county  seat  of  Hardin  County,  in 
a  district  largely  devoted  to  farming,  has  a  good 
trade,  and  a  number  of  flourishing  industries. 


Urbana,  the  county  seat  of  Champaign  County, 
is  a  flourishing  railroad  and  industrial  point  in 
a  productive  agricultural  district. 

Bellefontaine,  the  county  seat  of  Logan 
County,  is  situated  near  the  highest  ground  in 
#the  state.  It  has  extensive  railroad  shops  and 
other  manufactories. 

Mount  Vernon,  the  county  seat  of  Knox 
County,  is  the  trade  center  of  a  fertile  farm- 
ing district,  and  the  seat  of  various  industries. 
Near  by  is  Magnetic  Springs  and  here  is  the 
State  Tuberculosis  Sanitorium. 

Bucyrus,  the  county  seat  of  Crawford  County, 
on  the  Sandusky  River,  in  an  excellent  agricul- 
tural region,  is  a  busy  trade  and  industrial  cen- 
ter. It  has  a  number  of  manufactories,  besides 
a  steel  plant  and  a  general  machine  shop. 

Coshocton,  the  county  seat  of  Coshocton 
County,  on  the  Muskingum  River,  is  a  busy 
trade  and  industrial  center. 

Van  Wert,  the  county  seat  of  Van  Wert  County, 
is  the  market  for  a  rich  farming  section.  Here 
are  railroad  machine  shops,  flouring  and  lumber 
mills,  and  piano  factories. 

New  Philadelphia,  the  county  seat  of  Tusca- 
rawas County,  on  the  Tuscarawas  River,  in  the 
center  of  a  farming  region  underlaid  with  coal, 
iron  ore,  and  stone,  has  good  shipping  facilities 
and  various  industries. 

Wellsville,  Columbiana  County,  an  industrial 
center  on  the  Ohio  River,  adjacent  to  coal 
deposits,  is  especially  known  for  its  iron,  steel, 
and  terra  cotta  industries. 

Wooster,  the  county  seat  of  Wayne  County,  is 
the  trade  center  of  a  productive  agricultural 
district  and  the  seat  of  flourishing  manufac- 
tories. Here  are  the  University  of  Wooster  and 
the  Ohio  Agricultural  Experiment  Station. 


Fir. 


A  mining  village  in  the  Hocking  Valley. 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  OHIO 


The  Counties  of  Ohio. 


ORGAN' 

IZBD 


LAND 
AREA, 

SQ.  XI. 


1707 
1S20 
1S4O 
1S07 
1805 
1S4S 
I  80  I 
1 81  7 
1804 
1833 
1S05 
[817 
[800 
[810 
[So.? 
[S11 
[820 
1807 

1S09 
.845 
lSo8 
1838 
ISOO 
[8lO 
■  SO., 
183O 
ISO! 
[80S 
1803 
l8lO 
I790 
[820 
[820 
[8l4 

r820 
1805 
1818 
1824 
1S09 
1816 
1797 
1808 
1840 
1816 
1S08 
1817 
1822 
1835 
1S10 
1846 
1824 
181 2 
1819 
1820 
1S07 
1813 
1803 
1818 
1848 
1804 
1851 
1840 
1 8  20 
1817 
1810 
1 8 1  s 
1S07 
1 80S 
1S20 
1813 
1 70S 
1S20 

ISO? 

IS  20 

1819 

1808 

IS40 

I  800 
i8t  3 
1820 
1820 
1850 
180? 
1788 
1706 
1820 
[820 
1845 


5*4 
405 
424 

691 
528 

394 
On 
430 
498 
379 
419 
4°3 
431 
424 
504 
552 
397 
472 
O04 
41  2 
431 
312 
493 
444 
479 
419 
408 
412 
453 
484 
4°5 
526 
461 
370 
415 
558 
425 
439 
5l6 
411 
390 
514 
242 
469 
665 
470 
494 
356 
451 
413 
502 
423 
435 
466 
417 
431 
489 
396 
395 
655 
369 
292 
415 
413 
474 
411 
5°9 
432 
47  5 
514 
646 
429 
565 
556 
401 
546 
304 
624 
533 
430 
411 
414 
459 
627 


POPU- 
LATION. 
I900 


26,328 
47.976 
21,184 
51.448 
38.730 
31.192 
60,873 
28,237 
56,870 
l6,8ll 
26,642 
58.939 
3I.6lO 
24,202 
68,590 
29.337 
33.915 

439,120 
42,532 
26,387 
26,401 
37.650 
34.259 
21,725 

164,460 
22,8oi 
27,918 
14.744 
3I.6I3 
34.425 

409,479 
4L993 
3I,l87 
20,486 
27,282 
30,982 
24.398 
19. 511 
32,330 
34.248 
44.357 
27,768 
2I,68o 
39.534 
47.070 
30,420 
54,857 

153.559 
20,590 
70,134 
28,678 
21,958 

2S.620 

28,021 
43.105 
27,031 
130,146 
17,905 
17,879 
53,185 

19.466 
22,213 

27,528 
31,841 
27,016 

18.172 

29,246 

23.713 
32.525 
44,289 

40,940 

34.311 

40.981 

41,163 

24,625 

94.747 
7L7I5 
46.591 
53.751 
22,342 
30.394 
15,330 
25,584 
48,245 
37.870 
24,953 


COUNTY  SEAT 


POPU- 
LATION, 
I900 


West  Union  .... 

Lima 

Ashland 

Jefferson 

Athens   

Wapakoneta .... 
St.  Clairsville  .  . . 
Georgetown  .... 

Hamilton 

Carrollton 

Urbana  

Springfield 

Batavia 

Wilmington  .... 

Lisbon 

Coshocton 

Bucyrus 

Cleveland 

Greenville 

Defiance 

Delaware 

Sandusky 

Lancaster 

Washington  C.  H 

Columbus 

Wauseon 

Gallipolis   

Chardon 

Xenia 

Cambridge 

Cincinnati 

Findlay 

Kenton 

Cadiz 

Napoleon 

Hillsboro 

Logan 

Millersburg 

Norwalk 

Jackson 

Steubenville  .... 

Mt.  Vernon 

Painesville 

Ironton 

Newark 

Bellefontaine..  . . 

Elyria 

Toledo 

London  

Youngstown.  . .  . 

Marion   

Medina 

Pomeroy 

Celina 

Troy 

Woodsfield 

Dayton 

McConnelsville.. . 

Mt.  Gilead 

Zanesville 

Caldwell 

Port  Clinton  .  .  . 

Paulding 

New  Lexington  . 

Circleville 

Waverly 

Ravenna 

Eaton 

Ottawa 

Mansfield   

Chillicothe 

Fremont 

Portsmouth  .... 

Tiffin 

Sidney 

Canton   

Akron 

Warren 

New    Philadelphia 

Marysville 

Van  Wert 

McArthur 

Lebanon  

Marietta 

Wooster 

Bryan  

Bowling  Green.. 
Upper  Sandusky 


1.033 
21,723 
4.087 
I.3LA 
3,066 
3,915 

I. 210 
1,529 

23,914 
1,271 
6,808 

38,253 
1.029 
3,6l3 
3,330 
6,473 
6,560 
381,768 
5,501 

7,579 
7,940 

19,664 
8,991 
5,751 
125,560 
2,148 
5.432 
1,360 
8,696 
8,241 
325,902 

17,613 
6,852 
i,755 
3,639 
4.535 
3.480 
1,998 
7,074 
4,672 

14,349 
6,633 
5,024 

11,868 

18,157 

6,649 

8,791 

131,822 

3,5H 

44,885 

11,862 
2,232 
4,639 
2,815 
5,88i 
1,801 

85,333 
1,825 
1,528 

23,538 
927 
2,45o 
2,080 
1,701 
6,091 
1,854 
4,003 
3,i55 
2,322 

17,640 

12,976 
8.439 

17.870 

10,989 
5,688 

30,667 

42,728 
8,529 
6,213 
3,048 
6,422 
941 
2,867 

13.^48 
6.063 
3,131 
5.067 
3.3  5  5 


The  Growth  in  Population  of  the  Leading  Cities. 


CITIES  AND  TOWNS   19OO    1890    1880    1870    i860    1850 


Cleveland 

Cincinnati 

Toledo 

Columbus 

Dayton 

Youngstown 

Akron 

Springfield 

Canton 

Hamilton 

Zanesville '. 

Lima 

Sandusky 

Newark 

Portsmouth 

Mansfield ". 

Findlay 

East  Liverpool . . . 

Lorain 

Steubenville 

Marietta 

Chillicothe 

Ashtabula 

Piqua 

Massillon 

Ironton 

Marion 

Tiffin 

Bellaire 

Middletown 

Lancaster 

Alliance 

Elyria •.  .  .  . 

Xenia 

Warren 

Fremont 

Cambridge 

Wellston 

Delaware 

Martins  Ferry  .  . . 

Fostoria 

Salem 

Defiance 

Niles 

Galion 

Conneaut 

Norwalk 

Circleville 

Kenton 

Urbana 

Bellefontaine.  .  .  . 
Mount  Vernon. . . 

Bucyrus 

Coshocton 

Van  Wert 

New  Philadelphia 

Wellsville 

Wooster 

Troy 

Washington  C.  H 

Sidney 

Greenville 

Gallipolis 

Canal  Dover 

Nelson  ville 

St.  Marys 

Bowling  Green. . . 
Painesville 


381,768 

325,902 

131,822 

125,560 

85,333 

44,885 

42,728 

38,253 

30,667 

23,914 

23,538 

21,723 

9,664 

8,iS7 

7.870 

7,640 

7,613 

6,485 

6,028 

4,349 

3,348 

2,976 

2,949 

2,172 

1,944 

1,868 

1,862 

0,989 

9,912 

9,215 

8,991 

8,974 

8,791 

8,696 

8,529 

8,439 

8,241 

8,045 

7,940 

7,76o 

7,730 

7,582 

7.579 

7,468 

7,282 

7,133 

7,074 

6,991 

6,852 

6,808 

6,649 

6,633 

6,560 

6,473 

6,422 

6,213 

6,146 

6,063 

5  '  " 

5,75i 

5,688 

5,5oi 

5,432 

5  422 

5,421 

5,359 

5,067 

5.024 


261,353 

296,908 

8i,434 

88,150 

61,220 

33,220 

27,601 

31,895 

26,189 

17,565 

21,009 

15,981 

18,471 

14.270 

12,394 

13,473 

18,553 

10,956 

4,863 

13,394 

8,273 

11,288 

8,338 

9,090 

10,092 

10,939 

8,327 

10,801 

9,934 

7,68i 

,     7,555 

7,607 

5. 611 

7.30I 

5.973 

7. 141 

4.36i 

4,377 

8,224 

6,250 

7,070 

5,78o 

7,694 

4,289 

6,326 

3,241 

7,195 

6,556 

5,557 

6,510 

4.245 

6,027 

5.974 
3,672 
5,512 
4,456 
5,247 
5,90i 
4,494 
5,742 
4,850 
5,473 
4,498 
3,470 
4,558 
3.000 
3.467 
4.7 


160,146 

255.139 

50,137 

51,647 

38,678 

15,435 

16,512 

20,730 

12,258 

12,122 

18,113 

7,567 

15,838 

9,600 

11,321 

9,859 

4,633 

5,568 

i,595 

12,093 

5,444 

10,938 

4,445 

6,031 

6,836 

8,857 

3,899 

7,879 

8,025 

4,538 

6,803 

4,636 

4,777 

7,026 

4,42 

8,456 

2,883 

952 

6,894 

3,8i9 

3,569 

4,041 

5,907 

3,879 

5,635 

1,256 

5,704 

6,046 

3,940 

6,252 

3,< 

5,249 

3,835 

3,044 

4,079 

3,070 

3,377 

5,840 

8,803 

3,7 

3,823 

3.535 

4,400 

2,208 

3,095 

i,745 

1,539 

3.841 


92,829 
216,239 
31.584 
3L274 
30,473 

8,075 
10,000 
12,652 

8,660 
11,081 
10,01 1 

4,500 
13,000 

6,698 
10,592 

8,029 

3,315 

2,105 


8,107 
5,2i8 
8,920 
1,999 
5,967 
5,l85 
5,686 
2,53i 
5,648 
4,033 
3,046 
4,725 
4.063 
3,038 
6,377 
3,457 
5,455 
2,193 


5,641 


1,733 

3,700 
2,750 


3,523 
1,163 
4,498 
5,407 
2,610 
4,276 
3,182 
4.876 
3,066 
1,754 
2,625 
3,143 
2,313 
5,419 
3,005 
2,1 17 
2,808 
2,520 
3,7n 
1,593 
1,080 
1,370 
906 
3728 


43,417 

161,044  1 

13.768, 

18,554] 

20,081 

2,759 

3,477 

7,002 

4,041 

7,223 

9,229 

1,989 

8,408 

4,675 

6,268 

4,58i 

2,467 


17.034 
15.435 
3.829 
17,882 
io,977 


6,154 
4,323 
7,626 
1,418 
4,616 
3,8i9 
3.691 
1,844 
3.992 
1,466 
2,070 
4,303 
1,421 
1,613 
4,658 
2,402 
3,5io 
1.452 


1,027 

1,889 

895 


1,967 
964 
2,839 
4,383 
1,612 
3,429 
2,599 
4,202 
2,180 
1,151 
1,015 


1,587 
3,36i 
2,643 
1,035 
2,055 
1,650 


1,343 

741 

1,154 


2  676 


3,266 
5,io8 
2,603 
3,210 
7,929 
757 

3,654 
4,011 
3,557 
1,256 


6,140 
3,175 
7,100 
821 
3,277 


1,311 
2,718 


1,087 
3,483 


1,464 
1  041 


818 
1,437 
3,4H 
1,065 
2,020 
1,222 
3,7H 


890 

268 

1,413 


2,797 
1,956 
569 
1,302 
1.045 
1,686 


873 


The  Leading  Manufactures  of  Ohio. 


Iron  and  steel 

Flour  and  grist  mill  products .  . 

Ready-made  clothing 

Printing  and  publishing 

Malt  liquors 

Clay  products 

Boots  and  shoes     

Carriages  and  wagons 

Agricultural  implements 

Distilled  liquors     

Cigars  and  cigarettes 

Soap  and  candles 

Rubber  and  elastic  goods  .  .  .  . 
Chewing  and  smoking  tobacco 

Glass  

Vinous  liquors 


VALUE  OF  PRODUCTS 

RANK 

KJOO 

OF  STATE 

$138,935,256 

2 

37.390,367 

3 

24,366,595 

5 

20,391,868 

5 

18,522,639 

5 

18,304,628 

1 

17,920,854 

4 

15,919,173 

1 

13,975,268 

2 

12,447,268 

3 

11,239,824 

3 

8,150,069 

3 

7,330,104 

4 

5,752,853 

7 

4,547,083 

4 

801,684 

3 

81825 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 

Los  Angeles 

This  book  is  DUE  on  the  last  date  stamped  below. 


^co*** 

JUlt-*TS$* 

°S!Sl  huow 

l°Pi  I  Hi 

iJC'D  LD-URL 

PRION 

ID/URU  JDL 16  '90 

wi  i  A  m 

Form  L9-50m-7, '54(5990)444 


THE  LIBRARY 
UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 


ii-MS^  ''  -ali'orma  -os  A; 


™jp 


■fill 

u°0  090  535 


/U 


#F 

U96 

B82g 


LIBRARY 

OS    ANGELES.  CALIF. 


